Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is a historic document adopted on July 4, 1776, in which the Thirteen Colonies declared their separation from British rule. It announced the creation of a new, independent nation later known as the United States and articulated principles of individual liberty and self-government.
Background
By the mid-18th century, tensions between the American colonies and the British government had intensified due to taxation, lack of colonial representation in Parliament, and increasing political control. Events such as the Boston Tea Party and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War accelerated calls for independence.
In June 1776, the Second Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a formal declaration justifying separation from Great Britain.
Drafting and authorship
The Declaration of Independence was primarily drafted by Thomas Jefferson, with contributions and edits from John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston.
The final text was debated and revised by the Continental Congress before being formally adopted on July 4, 1776.
Structure
The document is traditionally divided into four main parts:
- Preamble – outlines the philosophical justification for independence
- Statement of natural rights – affirms the principles of liberty and equality
- List of grievances – details alleged abuses by the British Crown
- Conclusion – formally declares the colonies’ independence
Key principles
The Declaration emphasizes several core ideas, including:
- Natural rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
- Government by consent of the governed
- The right of the people to alter or abolish oppressive government
These principles were heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, particularly John Locke.
Adoption and legacy
The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, and publicly proclaimed soon after. While it did not itself create a new government, it provided the ideological foundation for independence and later constitutional development.
The document has had a lasting impact on democratic movements worldwide and remains one of the most important symbols of American political identity.
Preservation
The original handwritten Declaration of Independence is preserved and displayed by the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.