The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. They extend approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from northern British Columbia and Alberta in Canada through the western United States to New Mexico.
Overview
The Rocky Mountains form one of the principal mountain systems of North America and play a significant role in the continent’s geography, climate, and ecosystems. The range separates the interior plains from the western coastal regions and influences weather patterns across much of the continent.
In the United States, the Rockies pass through states including Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico.
Geology
The Rocky Mountains were formed primarily during the Laramide orogeny, a period of mountain-building that occurred roughly 80 to 55 million years ago. The range consists of multiple subranges composed mainly of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock.
Major peaks
Some of the highest and most notable peaks in the Rocky Mountains include:
- Mount Elbert (Colorado), the highest peak in the range
- Mount Massive
- Pikes Peak
- Grand Teton
Climate
The climate of the Rocky Mountains varies significantly by elevation and latitude. Higher elevations experience alpine and subalpine climates, while lower areas may have semi-arid or continental conditions.
The Rockies act as a major continental divide, influencing precipitation patterns and contributing to the formation of river systems.
Rivers and watersheds
The Rocky Mountains are the source of several major rivers, including:
These rivers supply water to large portions of the United States and Canada.
Ecology
The Rockies support diverse ecosystems, ranging from grasslands and forests to alpine tundra. Wildlife commonly found in the region includes elk, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, bears, and numerous bird species.
Several protected areas preserve Rocky Mountain ecosystems, including Rocky Mountain National Park and Grand Teton National Park.
Human history
Indigenous peoples inhabited the Rocky Mountains for thousands of years prior to European exploration. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the region was explored by fur traders and settlers, playing a key role in westward expansion in North America.
Recreation
The Rocky Mountains are a major destination for outdoor recreation, including hiking, skiing, mountaineering, camping, and wildlife viewing. Tourism related to the Rockies is an important economic activity for surrounding regions.