Checks and balances
Checks and balances are the mechanisms that allow each branch of the U.S. government to limit the others, complementing the doctrine of Separation of powers. These tools help prevent abuses and maintain constitutional equilibrium.
Examples
- Legislation and veto – Congress passes bills; the president may veto; Congress may override by two-thirds.
- Appointments – The president nominates officers and judges; the Senate provides advice and consent.
- Judicial review – Courts may invalidate laws or executive actions that violate the Constitution.
- Impeachment – The House impeaches civil officers; the Senate tries impeachments and may remove.
- Treaties and war powers – The president negotiates treaties (Senate ratifies); Congress declares war, funds the military, and regulates forces.
- Oversight and subpoenas – Congressional committees investigate and oversee executive agencies.
- Budget power – Congress controls appropriations; the executive proposes and administers spending subject to law.