Separation of powers
Separation of powers is the constitutional principle that divides the powers of the federal government among three coordinate branches — the legislative (makes laws), the executive (enforces laws), and the judicial (interprets laws). The goal is to prevent concentration of authority and protect liberty by giving each branch distinct functions and institutional independence.
In the United States, separation of powers works alongside Checks and balances, which equips each branch with tools to restrain the others (e.g., vetoes, confirmations, judicial review).
Branches
- Legislative – United States Congress enacts statutes, appropriations, and oversight.
- Executive – Presidency of the United States administers and enforces federal law.
- Judicial – Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts decide cases and controversies.